Communication Opinion Essay

Effective communication plays a significant role in providing proper care for patients. According to Cheesebro, O’Connor, and Rios (2010) â€Å"Communication is sometimes defined as the process of sending and receiving messages† (para. 14). For the communication to be effective both the sender, and the receiver must understand the message. The way individuals communicate is altered according to their audience or environment. For example if an instructor is communicating through small talk his or her tone and vocabulary would differ from communicating through informational talk. The same goes for when an individual communicates with children or adults. Even though the tone and style of communication may be altered to fit the audience, the process of communication has to stay the same to be effective. Effective communication allows health care professionals to gain trust in a reluctant consumer and handle cultural differences among patients. The four basic elements of the communication process include a sender, message, receiver, and feedback. In effective communication the sender constructs a message that is appropriate for the receiver(s). According to Haycock (2003) there are three elements called the ‘3Ts’ that the sender should consider when constructing an effective message. The ‘3Ts’ are tone, tools (computer, video, note, etc. ), and tactics. It is important to think the message through before sending it to be sure it is as clear and concise as possible. In effective communication the receiver should be able to understand the message completely. The receiver may have to decode the message to gain full understanding. If he or she still does not understand the message, the receiver should use feedback to ask the sender for clarification. Feedback is an important part of effective communication because the sender learns if the receiver understood the message or not. If the receiver did not understand the message feedback allows the sender the opportunity to elucidate the message. â€Å"In short, feedback is the primary means of increasing personal awareness and establishing a shared understanding. You should give and get as much feedback as possible† (Cheesebro, et. al. , 2010, para. 23). Health care communication encompasses the four basic elements of communication. However, the basic rules of health care communication are a little more complex. According to du Pre (2005) â€Å"People are actively involved in health communication. They are not passive recipients of information† (pg. 9). Providers specifically focus on the tone and presentation of the message to ensure patients’ satisfaction. The ultimate goal in health care communication is to develop and maintain a shared understanding between health care professionals and patients. Physicians may use the biomedical or biopsychosocial model when communicating with patients. With the biomedical model, physicians use short and to-the-point questions or statements. This limits the patient input, which can cause the patient to feel dissatisfied with the care or diagnosis. The advantage of using the biomedical model is that it will save time. Although the biopsychosocial model does not save time, it is more effective when communicating in the health care setting because it focuses more on patient’s feelings. This reduces the risk of malpractice lawsuits, therefore saving money in the end. Whether health care professionals use the biomedical or biopsychosocial model, they will still encounter reluctant consumers. A provider may encourage a reluctant consumer to communicate candidly by validating the patient’s concerns, uphold complete honesty, and share plenty of ideas or information. When a consumer is reluctant, he or she can have a bad attitude and less willingness to listen. To encourage the reluctant consumer to communicate candidly it is extremely important that the provider maintains patience yet remain slightly persistent. The tone and presentation delivered by the provider makes a significant difference when persuading consumers to communicate openly. A patient may be reluctant to share open communication with a provider because of cultural differences. Some individuals feel extremely strong about their cultural beliefs, which can make it difficult for physicians to discuss cultural differences with patients. Providers generally share the same main goal, which is to help improve patient’s health. When the patient’s cultural beliefs go against certain tests and treatments it can sometimes prevent providers from doing reaching this goal. When providers cannot help improve patient’s health it an be very difficult. However, providers must respect patient’s wishes. â€Å"To be effective, health communicators must be concerned enough to pay close attention to people’s behavior and knowledgeable enough to recognize cultural and personal preferences that make people different† (du Pre, 2005, pg. 8). Barriers can arise in health care because of reluctant consumers or patients with strong cultural beliefs. Effective communication through the sender, message, receiver, and feedback can aid in breaking down these barriers. Once patients and providers can break down barriers it permits more open discussions and proper health care. Communication, especially in health care should be thought out, sensitive to feeling, clear, concise, and appropriate. According to du Pre (2005) â€Å"Communication, then, is an ongoing process of sharing and creating meaning. The challenge is not merely to put thoughts into words, but to cooperate with others in developing a shared understanding of what is happening and what it means† (pg. 10).

Crisis and Risk Management for Business Continuity: The Case of Northern Rock

a) Research problem The global economic crisis has topped the many discussions in the business world today. The current credit crunch is not only being felt in the United States where the actual problem started but in the United Kingdom as well, with more companies feeling the pinch by the day. It is a pity that many businesses have been declared bankrupt following the shock experienced from the crisis. It is however notable that the blame is partly on their side. The reason for this is that many businesses today have not bothered to come up with crisis and risk management plans to shield their businesses from such shocks. They operate based on the current situations and pay little attention to disasters that are likely to affect the business and how these effects can be minimized. Even where attempts have been made, crisis and risk management plans do not fully address all the potential risks that are likely to face the company. Another issue is that whenever the said crises occur, these plans are not properly set out so that they often end up doing little to save the situation. These characteristics perfectly fit the circumstances surrounding the liquidity crisis at Northern Rock between 2007 and 2008. Northern Rock is a British bank that is now under public ownership following a government bailout in 2008. The bank which started off as a building society became a bank in 1997 when its shares were offered in the London Stock Exchange. As of September 2008, the bank which is ranked as one of the top mortgage lenders in the UK employed 4500 employees. Until 2007, Northern Rock was doing well and was considered one of the fastest growing banks in the UK; at least based on its asset base. The ongoing economic crisis however sent the bank giant reeling as banks tightened their lending rates. As if this was not enough, funding from covered bonds and the securitisation model which made up 75 percent of Northern Rock's funds started deteriorating and eventually these markets closed simultaneously following the economic crisis. What followed was crisis after crisis as the bank threatened to go down. On September 2007, the Northern Rock approached the Bank of England to request for a liquidity support facility to contain some of the problems it was facing following the credit crunch. This caused a bank run as customers rushed to withdraw their savings. The bank was overwhelmed and intervention by the state was necessary to save the bank giant. The UK financial Investment Limited now manages the bank at â€Å"arms length† for the government which was taken into government ownership in February 2008. Northern Rock's inability to deal with the crisis has been blamed on poor risk and crisis management. b) Justification of the study The near collapse of Northern Rock is a wake up call to every business that intends to survive past any kind of crisis.Business Management Study Guide The misfortunes encountered by Northern Rock and the consequences of these should be a good lesson for other companies to learn from through the implementation of risk and crisis management. The challenge however still remains and unless the issue is addressed by giving managers a guide, another company could still go the Northern Rock way. This study will address this challenge effectively by revealing all that a manager needs to know about crisis and risk management for business continuity. Three issues are at hand with each of them carrying substantial weight. Firstly, only a few companies undertake crisis and risk management. Secondly, the few of those who have taken the initiative have not given it adequate attention. Thirdly, when the actual crisis occurs, implementation of the set plan is not normally adhered to so that the essence of the plan is in fact dissolved. Other companies just like Northern Rock are constantly at risk of disasters and hence the knowledge about how to deal with them is quite invaluable. The research which mainly aims at uncovering the dangers of not having a crisis management plan and how having one could save the company's future and form a useful guide to business managers. c) Objectives of the study. In order to ensure that this research addressed the above problems while maintaining the scope of the study, the following objectives were used to guide the research. †¢ To establish whether Northern Rock had any crisis and risk management plans in place. †¢ To identify the importance of crisis and risk management plans. †¢ To show how Northern Rock could have survived the crisis using crisis and risk management planning. Literature Review a) The Case of Northern Rock In the second half of the 2007, Northern Rock became the first bank in the UK to experience a bank run since 1866 (Shin, 2008: 2). World lenders' balance sheets were already shrinking so that banks had reduced their lending and interest rates were going up following the credit crunch (Llewellyn, 2008: 35-36). The credit crunch originated from the U. S sub-prime mortgages that led to a shortage in money available to banks for lending. The bank's over-reliance on securitisation and covered bonds is considered the major cause of the of Northern Rock's downfall (Tevin, 2008: 13). Securitisation is used to refer to the kind of funding where mortgages are used as security to obtain loans from other banks (Shin, 2008: 6). Being a prominent mortgage lender, the bank had quite a substantial amount of security. The mortgages were also used to secure covered bonds which were a constant source of finance for the bank. These two types of markets made up 75 percent of the bank's source of finance and therefore when they collapsed at the same time, the bank's finances were threatened (Victoria, 2006: 2). On the other hand, banks were shrinking their lending rates and therefore the bank could not afford to pay up its dues and sustain its mortgage lending. An innovation unique to the bank is also associated with the downfall. Northern used model that they referred to as â€Å"originate to distribute† in which they could take loans and then sell them to other investors before they matured such that they obtained additional funds and the liability of the loans was transferred to the investors (Tevin, 2008: 15). As a result of the credit crisis, the bank could not sustain its financial needs and consequently could not meet market demand. North Rock's method of funding is described by Shin (2008: 8) as an unusual business model. While banks are expected to have customer deposits as their major liabilities, Northern Rock operated on securitised loans which they offered as mortgages to their customers. Long-term loans which they repaid using the payments paid by mortgage beneficiaries were used to pay -up the loans (Llewellyn, 2008: 37-38). The mortgages were also used as security for additional loans. Deposits only accounted for 23 percent of the finances held by the bank (Tevin, 2008: 14). Given that banks heavily rely on deposits as their major assets and source of financing, the amount available was limited when loans could not provide for the required amounts. Attempts to sell off the bank were unsuccessful because no investor wanted to risk taking up an endangered bank (Adams, 2008: 1). The bank obtained the government bailout from the Bank of England in form of emergency funding (Adams, 2008: 1; Laughton, 2008: 1). This was done in the knowledge that collapse of Northern Rock could cause a major shake-up in the banking industry (Laughton, 2007: 1). The news on Northern Rock's bailout caused a bank run and depositors rushed to withdraw their money. At the same time, the share prices fell by 31 percent (Lastra, 168). b) Crisis and Risk Management. Crisis and risk management is a commonly ignored function of the management but which can play a significant role in determining the destiny of a company. Reliable studies reveal that most organisations do not take crisis and risk management seriously such that they do not put aside plans meant to counter unexpected crises (Robert and Lajtha, 2002: 184). According to McConnell and Drennan (2006: 62), the reason for this is that the probability of occurrence of crises is low within most business environments such that managers find no reason to use the company's resources to invest in countering risks that may never happen anyway. This notion is however wrong because no organisation is immune to crises and risks in the course of its operations. Yemen (2001: 65) notes that crises and disasters carry no warning and consequently always catch businesses unaware. Before they can react to the crisis by getting effective solutions, the damage is already done and chances of survival are highly minimized (McConnel and Dreannan, 2006: 60). For this reason, it is inevitable for every company to consider crisis and risk management in their strategic plan. Salter (1997: 60) defines crisis and risk management as the act of coming up with policies and procedures to be used to identify, analyse, treat and monitor risk. It is a guide on how to deal with crises and risks should they occur and how to recover from their effects (Pingeone, 2006: 37). The procedure of risk management involves the identification of areas where the company predicts that things may go wrong (Lee et al, 2007: 335). This could fall in any department of the organization. While some may be general, some risks are more likely to occur in one company than in another depending on their operations (Robert and Lajtha, 2002: 184) Crises and risks are always occurring in the business management and it is hard to predict what will happen the following day. While risks are used to represent threats or possibilities of an occurrence of misfortunes, the term crisis is used when the actual misfortune actually occurs (Lagadec 1997: 28; Shrivatsava, 1988: 284). Physical disasters such as fires, terrorist attacks, phishing attacks, floods among other disasters are among the major kinds of crises. These should however not form the sole focus of the company because they the business is bound to face many external and economic forces that could influence its performance. For example, relying on one source for supply of materials could lead to a crisis if this supplier can no longer make the supplies to the company (Pingeone, 2006: 100). It is therefore essential that a company makes such a consideration when determining the future of the business. This is actually what happened to Northern Rock who had relied on securitisation and long-term loans as their source of finance so that when banks could not lend as much as they demanded, they were left desperate with no other major source and hence had to turn to the government for help. ) Crisis and Risk Management Plan Crisis and risk management plans help to lay down the steps to be taken in the event of a crisis and in keeping the various risks that a company is exposed to at bay. In coming up with a crisis and risk management plan, the company ought to identify any possible risks that it is likely to suffer in the course of its operations (Alderman, 2008: 149; McMillan, 2006: 89). These risks are then assessed so as to come up with plausible ways of addressing them whenever they arise. This is known as making plans for post crisis actions (Alexander, 169-171). Crisis and risk management plans ensure that every employee participates in the company's safety precautions while ensuring that risks and crises are handled in the right manner. Designing the Crisis and Risk Management Plan It is notable that most companies have not yet put a risk and crisis management plan in place (Carmeli and Schaubroeck 2008: 182). This mostly stems from the fact that managers try to be optimistic; hoping that no disaster will occur. In other circumstances, they simply wish to eliminate the â€Å"unnecessary† expense on something that might never happen. There are however those who are simply ignorant and do not know how to go about implementing a plan. Further still, once the crisis and risk management plan is put in place, its implementation is often a challenge when the actual risk occurs. This is brought about by the panic that often characterises a crisis. Pingeone (2006: 99) notes that the management plan should be followed to the letter unless the situation calls for modification. He adds that the plan should act as a guide and it is for this reason that it is prepared. If properly followed while trying to adjust certain elements to fit the situation, it should be easy to solve the crisis than when there is no plan at all. The challenge of coming up with an effective plan is also cited as a problem given that response and recovery is largely influenced by the kind of crisis and risk management plan that the company has in place. To curb this problem, Smith (2001: 64-65), Fink (1986: 36-39), Gottschalk (2002:96) and Mitroff (2001: 29-35) give the following key elements that are desired for a risk and crisis management plan to be effective. Provision for continuous identification, evaluation and management of risk should be put in place. This is because the company is bound to face new challenges everyday and in the wake of globalisation, new economic and social risks and challenges keep cropping up (Mitroff, 2001: 33). ? Constant review of the effectiveness of the plan is necessary to ensure that all the desired aspects are addressed. Analysing the system of internal control which is part of the risk and crisis control annually can help the company to identify whether the plan is working as desired. For all crisis and risk management plans, the systems developed should rhyme with the organisational culture so that collisions do not occur. ? The crisis and risk management plan must be flexible and one that can effectively respond to evolving risks. A good crisis and risk management plan offers flexibility such that change in policy and new company strategy may be implemented in order to deal with the crisis at hand (Smi th, 2001: 65). ? The plan should set proper reporting procedures to be followed in the event of occurrence of an incident. On top of that, a procedure for reporting failures in the plan should be well laid out. ? The crisis and risk management plan should provide for training to all members of staff so that they are aware of the roles to take in the event of a disaster, the reporting procedures and any other relevant information contained in the plan. Research Design and Method Introduction This portion of the study establishes the ability of the company to satisfy the set objectives. It shows the design of procedures used in the study and outlines the major limitations involved during the study. Research scope The previously set objectives aim at establishing whether there was a crisis and risk management plan at Northern Rock and what could have been done better to further contain the crisis. The study is therefore limited to Northern Rock and to crisis and risk management as a management strategy. The liquidity crisis at Northern Rock forms the basis of the study. Data and data collection The data collection process was applied in such a way that its efficiency could be gauged by the results obtained from the study. In doing so, primary and secondary data were employed in the entire study process. a) Primary data This formed an important part of the research as it helped in obtaining factual information from direct respondents. The use of written questionnaires and oral interviews to obtain information from the respondents was used. The data obtained was assimilated during the analysis of the study. Respondents were notified prior to their interviews so as to ensure that the information was more accurate. b) Secondary data The use of secondary data was invaluable in the study. This is in recognition that any research must incorporate other people's work as a precedent to the study. The use of journals, books, articles and other scholarly works were highly used to obtain the theory surrounding the study. The literature review practically involved the reviewing other people's work so that secondary data was of great importance. Sample selection, technique, and size The study sample incorporated a few present and former company officials as well as economic analysts who studied the Northern Rock liquidity crisis. Strategic sampling system was used to identify the officials and individuals to be interviewed during the period of study. A total of twenty five respondents were sent questionnaires and eight agreed to perform an oral interview. Eighteen questionnaires were returned and observations and responses were assimilated for the purpose of the study. Ethics of the research methodology At the beginning of the study, the research set an objective of reducing respondents' compromise as far as possible. In order to satisfy this, respondents were not required to mention specific names within the company. For privacy purposes, respondents' names were not required in the questionnaires. This served to raise the confidentiality levels as a factor in conducting scholarly research. Limitations of the study Even though this methodology played a vital role in satisfying the set objectives, various limitations faced the researcher. Without these limitations, more information would have been obtained to further improve the study. Among the major constraints was the high level of expenses. These included questionnaire printing and posting costs as well as travelling costs to meet the respondents. The problem of incomplete questionnaires was prevalent mostly due to the highly complex human nature so that some of the staff members could have been worried about giving information they considered confidential due to fears of victimization. This could have contributed to errors in the information obtained. The time element was also limiting which did not enable maximum amount of data as would have been desired. Analysis and Findings Most of the respondents in the study ascertained that Northern Rock was lucky and were it not for the government bailout; the bank would have landed into bankruptcy. Unavailability of credit which was actually the bank's major source of finance was an unfathomable blow to the bank whose reputation had made it the fastest growing mortgage lender in the UK. The situation was made worse by the bank run which was in essence caused by the media portrayal of the crisis (Victoria, 2008: 117-119). Nelkin (1998: 347-348) notes that the media could highly influence how a crisis affects the company due to messages and speculations made. As soon as the bank sought help from the Bank of England, word went round through the media and the public went into panic following the collapse of the bank. The result was huge amounts of withdrawals which highly overwhelmed the bank's finances (Shin, 2008: 6). Northern Rock therefore sunk into losses and could barely afford to sustain the payment of loans. Analysts involved in the study suggested that the bank run could have been avoided had the bank's management taken Northern Rock's crisis management plan In an effort to keep focus on the research scope, only the section of the crisis and risk management plan associated with the liquidity crisis was analysed. For each point noted, a note on how the situation could have been handled better is provided. Northern Rock management had given a thought to the possibility of reduction of market at home and shortage of funds from local banks. To help reduce this possibility, the bank had diversified its operations to other countries like Canada, United States, Europe, Australia and Far East (Tevin, 2008: 21-22). This was considered to be a substantial backup for any eventualities in the domestic market. The company had also secured its liquidity through insurance to cover for any shortages. In their plan however, they had not anticipated a crisis that would cause the collapse of their major sources of funds at the same time. It would have been unimaginable that the source of finance that seemed so reliable would collapse leaving the bank destitute. Even Dr Ridley; the bank's chairman had noted that the bank had not though at one time that its sources of finance could collapse at the same time (Llewellyn, 2008: 49). This just goes on to show that crises are not easily predictable and that routine can be deceiving. The fact that Northern Rock's long-term sources of finances were always available to them due to the high amount of mortgage securities almost ruled out the possibility of running out of finances. The Northern Rock crisis management can be said to have been inadequate. The reasoning behind this is that should it have been adequate, the liquidity crisis may have been avoided or subsidised. As noted by Regester et al (2005: 196-198), a good plan must entail the guidelines to be followed in the event of a crisis. Further, Northern Rock's management failed to predict; which is one of the objectives of the bank's risk management plan. Varma (2008: 1) notes that banks should be able to use cash flow projections to anticipate future fluctuations in demand for their customers. Using these projections, they can easily determine whether a liquidity problem is likely to arise due to increased demand or whether inventory will pile up as a result of reduced demand. It is also possible to gauge from the rise in interest rates offered by banks and other security traders. Such information could have proved vital to the management and this could have been used to limit mortgage lending and hence reduce the impact of the crisis. As noted by Tevin (2008: 17), the bank did not even have adequate liquidity insurance, a lesson which the England Governor noted could have been learnt from Countrywide, a US bank that suffered the same crisis that Northern Rock was facing. Insurance cover serves in ensuring that the company's assets are protected. This ensures that whenever assets that the company has insured against are lost in the event of a crisis, compensation can protect it from committing more resources in replacing the asset (Alderman, 2008: 204). With such knowledge the bank could have obtained enough liquidity insurance as security for the future. They could also have provided for plans to cope with a credit crisis should they get into the same position with Countrywide. This way, it could have been ready and encountered the crisis more boldly without having to seek government bailout. Northern Rock over-relied on one source of finance so that when it collapsed the effect was quite staggering. The theory of crisis management warns against relying on one source of supply because its failure could have detrimental effects on the company (Coombs, 1999: 114-115). Northern Rock had been relying heavily on loans gained from mortgage securities to finance their clients' mortgage needs and when they could not afford to meet the demand following the reduced liquidity levels, they had nowhere to turn to (Congdon, 2009: 11). Banks which were willing to lend proved too expensive for the bank to afford and still continue to operate comfortably. The whole problem arose because once these sources of finance collapsed; there was no other source of finance leading to the liquidity crisis. It is a major observation that companies rarely think about the possibility of a time when a certain source of supply will not be available to them because as long as they are concerned they have always relied on the source (Wiley, 2006: 85). Northern Rock should have diversified more as a way to maintain the flow of funds. For example, they could have used more deposits instead of relying on loans only. Tevin (2008: 14) notes that only 23 percent of their liquidity was in the form of deposits which Victoria (2008: 119) notes to be the major sources of bank liabilities. By focusing on loans, they lost their major source of money supply when the credit crunch set in. The management did not act swiftly to respond to rumours about liquidity shortages. According to Tevin (2008: 24) the bank had received warning signs about a possible shortage in credit as a result of the ongoing economic crisis. The Financial Stability Report that the Bank of England released in April 2008 suggested that wholesale funding which was on the rise in the market could pose unforeseeable danger to liquidity (Llewellyn, 2008: 51). Analysts had also predicted the same. Instead of analysing the possible risk and taking measures, Northern Rock continued with the expansionary lending policy (Tevin, 2008: 24). Mortgages continued to be issued yet there was a possibility of being unable to sustain the demand following the credit shortage. If the management had acted wisely, it could have limited the mortgage lending so as to save the finances available until a favourable time came. Its ability to detect the possibility of such an occurrence was limited hence the reason why the company was caught unawares. The crisis and risk management plan was not also well utilized when the bank realized its plight. Referring to the liquidity crisis, Northern Rock CEO maintained that the prediction made by the bank about its source of finances had been wrong in assuming that the mortgage assets would maintain the bank's liquidity. The company has made an attempt to recover from the crisis using the government assistance issued and change in strategy. This is part of a crisis management plan which requires that a company take the necessary measures to correct a crisis. As noted by Smith (2000, 65), Northern Rock had to change strategy so as to better manage the crisis. Their â€Å"Together† loans for example were withdrawn. These loans were an incentive to first time buyers and involved combining a secured and unsecured loan to obtain finance (Tevin, 2008: 26). The bank however could not manage to offer these loans given their financial constraints and had to withdraw them. The bank is still recovering and depositors have started gaining trust in the bank again more so because the government ownership provides a substantial level of financial security. Conclusions and Recommendations After an analysis of the case of Northern Rock and the importance of crisis and risk management, it would be true to say that the company's crisis and risk management plan was not properly implemented during the liquidity crisis. The plan was also inadequate to address the seriousness of the problem given that the company had never anticipated a risk of such magnitude. It is also true that every company needs to have a crisis and risk management plan to help in coping with disasters and incidents if they occur. It can therefore be concluded that having a crisis and risk management plan cannot be useful if it is not well implemented. This is as in the case of Northern Rock which did not react to the warning signs of the impending danger of a liquidity crisis through finding alternative sources of funds or through reducing its lending capacity. Northern Rock suffered a great deal from the liquidity crisis due to poor implementation of crisis and risk management. The plan was also inadequate and insurance cover taken could not compensate for the loss incurred. What matters however is not what has been lost in the past; but what can be saved in future. As Lagadec 1997: 28; Shrivatsava (1988: 284) suggest, a crisis should act as a learning opportunity for a company to make changes and improvements. The bank needs to focus on building more solid and workable plans to contain such crises as they could happen again in the future. The plan should be made by incorporating all the various aspects of a good crisis and risk plan indicated in this study. This means that the plan to be implemented should focus on constant examination of possible risks and designing of proper measures to counter them. There should also be plans set to address crises in the event that they arise as well as plans to recover after a crisis. This does not mean that the bank should exhaust all its resources on liquidity problems alone. There are other crises and risks which could also face the company and there is need to incorporate them in their crisis and risk management plan as well. The Northern Rock saga is a vital lesson that every growing company must learn from. While risks and crises could be few and far between, the need to account for them in the company strategy is invaluable. This is because there is no way of predicting the future. This should avoid a situation in which the company has to close down because they do not have any finances to cater for the losses incurred during the crisis. Every company should maintain a crisis and risk management plan that helps to shield it from any eventualities that may occur in the course of its operations. There are several lessons that have been learnt from the Northern Rock case study and which other companies can benefit from through the following recommendations. Firstly, disaster may strike at any time hence the need to come up with a plan to deal with risks and crises. It is also notable that some disasters can be predicted so that precautionary measures taken to reduce the shock on the company. To enhance this, constant review of the risks that the company is susceptible to should be done. Secondly, reliance on a single supply could pose danger to the company hence the need to diversify operations or plan for alternatives in case the current sources fail. Finally, having no plan could lead to desperate actions on the side of the company. If the company is not lucky, it could end up closing down. In the case of Northern Rock, there were attempts to sell it and then the government bailout. The bailout means that the company is now under government control and no longer in private hands which could highly impact on the company decision processes and operations.

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Graphics and Illustrations - Essay Example Below, two graphic designers are discussed and both of them belong to totally different times. The first graphic designer discussed is Robert Brownjohn. He was one of the famous graphic designers in 1950's and 1960's. He designed the title of James Bond movies and did a lot of other remarkable work. The second graphic designer discussed is David Carson. He is one of the most famous graphic designers of today's world. He worked with the famous brands of today's world. The brands he worked with include Pepsi Cola, Nike, Armani etc. The similarity between the both designers is that they both experimented with the typography and both of them are considered to be the first one in this regard. Graphic designer is a person who is expert in graphic designing and art. His job is to work in graphics professionally and give illustrations to his customers according to their need. They deal with the images, typography and videos. They put them together and create a piece of graphics or illustrations. Their job is to develop graphics and illustrations for advertising purpose mostly. Their work is published and printed in newspapers and magazines and also is displayed on the electronic media. People expect the work of graphic designer to be perfect and aesthetic. The aesthetic sense of the designer plays an important role in this process. People pay him for not only his skills but his aesthetic sense. With the rise of twentieth century, world saw the rise of graphi... So it could be said that print media played and important role in developing the graphics and illustrations. The electronic media played very important role in development of graphics and illustrations. Televisions and cinema gave a bigger platform to the advancement of graphics and illustrations. And then comes the computer graphics and internet. It could be said that internet provided a bigger canvas to the designers. They can improve their work and can also share it with other designers. This helps them in improving and polishing their talents. Graphics designers can display their work all over the world through internet. And it is a great development for them. While taking a look at the history of the graphics and illustrations, it becomes clear that the start of graphics took place in 1820 with the industrial revolution. Though at that time, they were called the pattern makers. In US, it starts in 1920, when consumer society emerged. Different commercial artists, advertisers and illustrators came up with their ideas and started graphics and illustrations as their profession and sooner it became an important industry. Robert Brownjohn Robert Brownjohn was a famous graphic designer of his time. He was born in 1925 and died in 1970. Most of his work is in typography and graphics. He was an initiator of computer graphics in New York during 1950's and in London during 1960's. So his contribution to computer graphics cannot be ignored. His work includes the designing of the title of James Bond's movies. He developed the graphics of Robert Fraser Gallery. Another work that increased his fame was the artwork that he designed for Rolling Stone musical group. He got a great affection with music and it is obvious

Charles I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charles I - Essay Example full term at the helm of the throne, and the conflicts that characterized his term, emanating from his perceived loyalty to the Catholicism, leaving the Protestants to feel aggrieved. The conflict with the parliament soared so high to the point of having the structure of leadership change after his execution and the parliament ruled without the monarch, when fifty-nine among the commission of judges signed a death warrant and committed him to be executed (Hibbert, 273). While covering the life story of Charles I, the book has also sought to give the backgrounds that led the King to act in the manner he acted in different situations of his leadership, seeking to create a full understanding of the life and the circumstances that surrounded the life of the King. This book covers an important aspect of the history of England, most especially by delving deeply into the aspect of the conflict between the parallel systems of leadership; the monarchial system and the parliamentary system. Additionally, the book covers the core of the emergence of a constitutional monarchy while also highlighting the role that religion has played to influence the politics of England throughout its history. Thus, this subject needs to be covered, so that it can create deeper insights into the history of the conflicts between parliamentary system and the monarchial system and the reason as to why the two parallel system works in present day without much of a conflict. Through this subject, the history of religion and religion conflicts also will be understood, thus creating an understanding of religion and how it has shaped religion, thus enabling an appreciation how things work the way they work in present day. The thesis of this book points to the idea that; Charles I was not suited to the throne when assessed by his physical appearances, and neither was his father King James. Because of the negative things that he was perceived to have done to some people, which deprived them of their

Diagnostic Radiography Medical Imaging Exam Question Essay

Diagnostic Radiography Medical Imaging Exam Question - Essay Example It also contains three small metallic filters - usually copper, cadmium, and aluminum – placed in different portions of the case to help distinguish among higher energy photons. Each of the metals attenuates photons of different energy values. In summary, this packaging has been devised so that the film badge can measure the air kerma which the wearer has encountered and can also help distinguish the type of radiation to which he or she has been exposed. The outside of the film wrapper has the name, date of issue, and identification number of the wearer imprinted on it. Film badges are a popular personnel monitoring device because they provide a permanent record of each individual’s accumulated exposure. They are also inexpensive and require no technical knowledge to the user. These personnel monitors can be used in the same way as film badges. They are common for whole-body monitoring as well as for special types of monitoring, such as monitoring the hands for radiation. Since they may be affixed anywhere in the treatment field and may be attached directly to a patient, they are often used in radiation oncology applications in particular to verify the treatment plan. Substance that posses the property of thermoluminescence are nonmetallic crystalline solids, usually in powdered form. When electrons in a crystal insulator absorb energy, they move to the higher energy conduction band and all the missing electrons or holes migrate to the valence band. In a thermoluminescent crystal, these excited electrons get trapped in the higher energy state until the crystal is heated to a specific temperature, known as the curie temperature, at which the electrons return to the valence state, radiating the extra energy in the form of visible light photons. Lithium fluoride, lithium tetraborate, and manganese-activated calcium fluoride are crystals commonly used for their thermoluminescent

Persuasive Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Persuasive - Research Paper Example s that the policy and rules regarding treating a young offender as an adult should be revived and, besides some public defender offices have launched and started a few novel programs too, likewise the advantages that are woven with this agenda are not only economical or equitable, but ethical/ moral and environmental. Initiating with the solution, the Bureau of Justice Assistance has posted suggestions for the designing and implementation of these new programs. All these various programs are driven to conceal the children who have, intentionally or unintentionally, committed felony from facing the prosecution in an adult court. This however, does not at all means that the young offender will be rescued from their act, but to deal with it in a way a juvenile should be dealt with, rather than imposing them on an intimidating and a daunting environment of an adult court. In addition to tis, the chief thing among all this execution of programs is that children be assist by the multidisciplinary personnel of which the attorney is one associate, and that the corresponding personnel will speak on behalf of the child from the beginning to the end (Allard & Young et al. 2002). Nonetheless, establishing programs to produce representative of the child is not enough; instead the history of the child and his life and circumstances surrounding him at the time of crime should be extensively analyzed. If and when the examination of the violation and the juvenile will be done, information that can help solves the case easily without taking it to the adult court (Allard & Young et al 2002). For instance, a fifteen year old had been sexually as well as physically abused in the house by his step-father and later during the time of act by the step-father and in order to save himself, the child kills him. Here, taking the child to be prosecuted in an adult court without examining his history and the circumstance during the time of killing can have a very adverse effect on the child,

ECO201-MicroEconomics Mod 5 CBT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ECO201-MicroEconomics Mod 5 CBT - Essay Example With higher profitability, the company is able to have the financial capacity to improve its technology through additional investment. Improvement in technology and bargaining power over its suppliers make it harder for small-scale players to compete with the existing large-scale companies. Not only will the company with highly improved technology be able to produce more product to meet the market demand but also offer a better quality product to the consumers. Therefore, it is more likely that the market structure with cartels is an oligopoly – also known as having a fewer big-time players in the market. Basically, a cartel prohibits a perfect competition to occur since big players within the same industry are able to openly discuss about the fixed price big multinational companies will impose on homogenous products. to compete more on improving the quality of homogenous products they offer to the consumers aside from its marketing and promotional activities. In the process, these companies are required to compete in the market through product differentiation and product diversification. (Salin, 1996: pp. 37 – 38) Basically, the profitability of a large multinational company that manufacture shampoo product may invest some money in research and development in order to enable the company to innovate new product that could stimulate the interest of its target consumers. A good example was when arometherapy gain popularity in the market. In line with aromatherapy, a well-known shampoo brand called Palmolive under Colgate-Palmolive started to produce shampoo with different scent of aromatherapy. (Colgate, 2008) Given that large-scale multinational companies that are into cartel situation still has to compete for the same market. For this reason businesses that are able to continuously develop new strategies and innovates new products that could arouse the interest of its target market are the

Shewin Memorandum 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shewin Memorandum 1 - Essay Example . Blabber newspaper has only 3 women on upper level of management. . She has worked in the company for a period of 6 years without promotion yet Whiz who is only 26 years of age and with inadequate experience has been offered the post Shewin applied A 26-year-old new recruit by the name of whiz was considered for position she also applied . Senior employees in the company have been heard speculating on when she will retire. . The company only has five African American employees. . Question of Locusstandiis requisite in bringing this cause of since the level and type of engagement between Miss Shewin and the company must be ascertained to enable the court to hear her case. . Remedies available for Miss Shewin in an event of success of his case Sexual Harassment Crude sexual behaviors Ill language against pregnant women Miss Shewin’s interview at the restaurant did not dwell on professional issues but were majored on social questions . Male employees in the company discuss socia l issues including sexual experiences with their girlfriends over the weekend, which is not checked by the company managers despite protest by Miss Shewin. This case instance presents a critical analysis of rights of employees in a work premise as accorded by law. It details a brief operation of the America legal system to facilitate a proper understanding on how to tackle this legal issue. The American labor and employment laws are sourced from a variety of legal sources, including, constitutional law, statutory law being rules extracted from statutes, administrative regulations, and common law, which includes unwritten customs, principles and rules and case law (Hart 56). These sources are available on different levels, including: - federal and state constitutions, federal and state statutes and administrative regulations by both federal and state agencies, case law by both federal and state courts. In other circumstances however, these laws can be extracted from municipal laws as well. This therefore presents job places with often challenging circumstances of legal requirements and obligations that do not always align (Patterson 98). In case of a conflict or inconsistency between federal and state law, then the law that establishes stricter standard supersedes that whose penalty is less strict. In case of a conflict that cannot be resolved by application of the stricter standard, then the federal law preempts the state law (SS). Miss Shewin case elicits several issues under laws of employment including, discrimination on gender basis, race, sexual harassment of workers as an affirmative action and the extent which the law protects employees in a working place. It is significant to commence this discussion by establishing if Miss Shewin has sufficient locus standi to bring legal complaint against the Blabber newspaper. Locus standi is the legal right to bring an action, to be heard in court, or to address the court on a matter before it. It is the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the action challenged to support that party’s participation in the case. Locus standi in this case can be traced from the legal relationship that existed between Miss Shewinand the Blabber Newspaper. It must be traced if there was a legal contract between the two parties and if the same stipulated

Energy Resources and Utilization Essay Example for Free

Energy Resources and Utilization Essay It is very evident that vehicles today that use engine are now significantly increasing in terms of number and are considered basic necessity to every one of us. As mentioned from the previous paragraph, the use of engines had been responsible in the pollution of our air and due to the alarming effect of this environmental hazard, many concerned citizens from different sectors are now responding to this issue. They are now using some alternatives forms of energy instead of coal as the fuels in order to minimize the effect of global warming, which is one of the results of engine emitting chemical gases. Even the government of many countries is restricting their citizens in using vehicles that blow harmful chemical gases in the air. They are passing laws that will protect the environment by not allowing vehicles to be used in the road that are smoke belchers. Not only the issue of dependence on fossil fuels like engine is concerned in this paper, but more importantly is the dependence of fossil fuels in household and office applications and industrial application. We know for the fact that almost all people in every country need energy that they will use for their daily purposes. Every houses located in tropical region need air conditioner while those on temperate regions need heat pump. And all these equipment need fuel in order to operate and the most popular fuel for these applications are fossil fuels and electricity. In today’s market, the price of petroleum in the world market is significantly increasing making it more difficult for counties especially the third world countries to purchase barrels of petroleum in the Middle East countries. The continuous increase of petroleum in the world market will add burden to those industries that depends on petroleum. Monopoly can also be observed as the Middle East countries tries to take control on the petroleum market. The main objective of this paper is to have deep analysis on renewable energy specifically on solar and wind energy. The analysis will tackle the energy resource as well the energy utilization in the United States. The study will provide a basic knowledge on the alternatives fuels that can be used to substitute coals and petroleum as main fuel on traditional engines to minimize the damage on the environment. This paper will also have a brief discussion on the different alternative methods that will not only minimized pollution but also increase the efficiency of the engine so that it will justify the replacement of coals and fossil fuels as the main source of energy for engines. Before starting on the paper, it is better to determine the main proponents or the audience of this paper. For this paper, the audiences will compost of an individual or group of individuals that utilize engine in any forms like automobiles, vehicle, generators in a plant or any machine that has a mechanism of an engine. These people may come from different walks of life like a normal employees or an executive director in a company. It is advisable for this feasibility study to focus on these individuals because they are the main contributors of harmful gases that is being emitted by the engine they are using. We know for the fact that machines operated by engines are part of their daily lives and businesses and they must be responsible enough to protect the environment from the harsh of toxic gases they release when using the said machines.

The Life Of Alexander Pushkin

The Life Of Alexander Pushkin Freedom in Alexander Pushkin’s literary works occupies one of the central positions; however, Pushkin treats freedom from various sides and perspectives. Living in the period of social and political changes, in the era of the Great Patriotic War of 1812 and the revolt of Decembrist of 1825, Pushkin belonged to the generation which was in search of ideal freedom. However, being unable to attain this kind of freedom, Russian poets of the nineteenth century made constant attempts to replace one idea of freedom with another, finally realising that freedom in real life was constantly restricted. Alexander Pushkin went further than other poets of his times in his treatment of freedom, inspiring the formation of new Russian civic poetry and influencing such poets as Nekrasov and Lermontov. As Janko Lavrin points out, â€Å"what the world now understands and admires under the name of Russian literature came with and after Pushkin† (p.65).   Ã‚   At the beginning of Pushkin’s literary career, the issue of freedom in his literary works acquires a strong political tendency. In his early poem Volnost (1817) Pushkin reveals his vision of ideal freedom, opposing the existing absolute power of kings and expressing the idea that true freedom can be achieved only under the constitutional monarchy.   In Pushkin’s poem K Chaadaevy (1818) the political idea of freedom acquires a slightly different direction; in this poetic work Pushkin points at the necessity of defending his native land. For Pushkin, love for homeland is inseparably connected with the struggle for freedom. However, as Pushkin becomes mature, he rejects a pure political treatment of freedom, demonstrating his interest in inner freedom of a person. In this regard, Pushkin implicitly draws a parallel between inner freedom and poetic perception of freedom in his poetic work Derevnja (1819). Such a combination uncovers many possibilities for achieving freedom, but, on the other hand, it evokes inner doubts, which the poet does not dissipate by the end of the poem. The first part of Derevnja reveals the poet’s ecstatic delight of his achieved freedom: In the second part of the poem Pushkin ponders over the destiny of Russian people, feeling that his poems are unable to provide them with long-waited freedom, that they are unable to completely eliminate serfdom which destroys people’s lives and their inner selves. Contrasting beauty of nature with lack of freedom in the village, Pushkin shows that people can acquire happiness only in free society. As Alexander Pushkin claims,    Thus, the poet appeals to the king and asks him to annihilate serfdom, providing people with freedom and knowledge. As the poet, Pushkin has the only tool – his poetry – to strive for universal freedom. But in such poems as K Moryu (1824) and IzPindemonti (1836) Alexander Pushkin continues his discussion of inner freedom, presenting a romantic embodiment of freedom. As the poet realises that he is not able to achieve freedom in real life, he turns to freedom in his dreams, identifying himself with nature. In the poetic work K Moryu Pushkin applies to the image of sea, which symbolises both inner freedom of a person and poetic freedom. For Pushkin, sea is the embodiment of free and rebellious nature, but at the same time through the image of sea Pushkin reveals the poet’s loneliness in his struggle for freedom. However, it is nature that gives necessary power and freedom to Pushkin, saving him from any dependence: These words from Pushkin’s poem IzPindemonti reveal that the poet is in search of new verges of freedom, the verges that overcome the existing reality. This search is especially obvious in his famous poem Uznik (1822), where the appeal for inner freedom is expressed through eagle’s cry. Both the eagle and the prisoner are captives who are deprived of their freedom. Alexander Pushkin creates this poem in exile, where he is deprived of freedom, of close relatives and friends.   However, the eagle is a freedom-loving bird, and its greatest wish is to attain freedom. Alexander Pushkin identifies himself with the eagle, maintaining the idea that a person is also free by nature, thus freedom is crucial for any human being: In this regard, Pushkin implicitly shows that political, outer and poetic freedom stand behind inner freedom. On the other hand, Pushkin realises that it is impossible for the poet to completely reject one aspect of freedom for the sake of another; As Angus Calder points out, â€Å"a man who respects himself as ‘autonomous’ will of course tend to chafe against political tyranny and may well seek a place where he may have ‘independent’ control of his own life† (p.35). Uznik was written when Pushkin was only twenty-three years old, but even at this age the poet realised that society, in which he lived, specifically created invisible barriers and restrictions, wrong ideals and illusions, and Pushkin expressed his longing for real freedom. Deviating from the political treatment of freedom, Pushkin realises that a poet should be free both from people and from authorities; only in this case it is possible to create freedom-loving poetry. In Pesni o veshem Olege Pushkin points out that any literary work should be free and truthful. After the Decembrists’ defeat, Pushkin continues to dream of freedom, hoping to realise this dream. As Pushkin claims in his poem Vo glubine sibirskich rud dedicated to his friends-Decembrists, In the series of Southern Poems Alexander Pushkin introduces the idea that outer freedom can not be attained. In such poems as Zygane (1930) and Fontany Bahchizaraiskogo dvorza (1824) Pushkin portrays certain spheres where freedom of people is strongly confined, but nevertheless, a person is able to develop and preserve inner freedom. Such treatment of freedom coincides with the ideals of Renaissance; Pushkin’s obsession with inner freedom reflects the revival of national consciousness under complex social changes. Thus, Pushkin’s ideas of freedom possess cultural roots rather than political, despite the fact that some of his poetic works, such as Arion, Anchar and Skaski, demonstrate an open protest against the existing political system. But Pushkin’s rebel is of spiritual nature; it is the rebel of a person who is overwhelmed with humanism and who rejects any personal violence. Instead of the existing ideology of the nineteenth century, Alexander Pushkin create s his own ideology of inner freedom in the context of universal freedom (Edmunds, pp.29-32). In his poem Ya pamyatnik sebe vozdvig nerykotvorniy Alexander Pushkin points out that his major life achievement is his freedom-loving poetry:   Ã‚   But Pushkin does not restrict himself only to poetry; he freely experiments with different literary genres, making an attempt to â€Å"explore the possibilities of prose in the same way as he had explored the possibilities of verse† (Lavrin, p.183). However, his ideal of inner freedom remains central to all his literary works. This is especially true in regard to Pushkin’s short stories, novels and tales. In his famous verse novel Evgeniy Onegin Pushkin points at the characters’ inability to achieve inner freedom. Pushkin portrays aristocratic society, which is unable to overcome the existing restrictions (Falen, pp.7-10). Perhaps, the only character who is able to attain inner freedom is Tatiana, a young girl with intelligence and longing for love. Tatiana falls in love with Onegin, the principal character of the play, and she is the first who makes a declaration of love. However, Onegin rejects her in a most inappropriate way, and Tatiana suffers much, loosing her inner freedom. As Tatiana claims: She marries an old gentleman and remains devoted to him, despite the fact that she still loves Onegin. Thus, in Evgeniy Onegin Pushkin uncovers the reality of his life, embodying his own thoughts of inner freedom in the character of Tatiana. In Pushkin’s tale Pikovaya Dama the writer discusses inner freedom in a different context. Introducing the character of Germann, Pushkin reveals the negative consequences of Germann’s wish to achieve freedom. Germann considers that true freedom can be attained only with the help of money, but as he gets more and more entangled in deceits, he destroys himself and other characters. In fact, Germann looses his self and his freedom, as he becomes obsessed with playing cards; in this context, abstract things take full control over Germann’s life, driving him mad by the end of the narration. Comparing his character with Napoleon and Mephistopheles, Pushkin uncovers the essence of Germann who does not acknowledge any moral principle s or laws. As Pushkin claims in regard to his character, The similar portrayal Pushkin utilises towards an old countess, ‘Pikovaya Dama’. The old woman in Pushkin’s tale is identified with an Egyptian mummy; she is a lifeless creature who lacks any freedom and who leads meaningless life within aristocratic society. Alexander Pushkin does not treat old woman’s death as tragedy, because, for Pushkin, life without freedom is empty existence. In this regard, inner freedom in Pikovaya Dama is discussed through freedom of moral choice. Germann and the old woman make a wrong choice, thus loosing the possibility to attain inner freedom. However, in contrast to these characters, Pushkin introduces the character of Lisaveta Ivanovna who greatly values her moral principles that finally save her. In his story Egypetskiye Nochi Pushkin returns to the issue of freedom in the context of poetry. On the example of Charskii, a poet and aristocrat, Pushkin reveals his own suffering, as he makes an attempt to become a freedom-loving poet (Debreczeny, pp.11-13). Similar to Pushkin’s poetry, Egypetskiye Nochi discusses the relations between the poet and society, and these relations reflect the essence of his views on the idea of inner freedom. Although Pushkin demonstrates a close connection between the poet and people, he nevertheless points at the necessity of freedom for the poet. At the beginning of the story Pushkin shows Charskii’s dependence on society: However, further Pushkin demonstrates Charskii’s dissatisfaction with such position and his attempts to preserve his inner freedom. In his conversation with a stranger, Charskii exclaims: Charskii, similar to Pushkin himself, feels loneliness within society in which he lives. In his poem Svobody seyatel pustynniy (1823) Pushkin reveals a notion that a poet lives among people who are not able to perceive his ideas of freedom. On the other hand, in the poem Prorok (1826) Pushkin states that any poet that wants to appeal for freedom should endure many difficulties and pain. Alexander Pushkin suffered throughout his life, and these sufferings were reflected in all his freedom-loving poetry and prose.    Analysing the ideas of freedom in Alexander Pushkin’s poetry and prose, the essay suggests that Pushkin’s treatment of freedom changes throughout his literary career. Starting with an idea of political freedom, Pushkin gradually realises the vainness of his attempts to attain outer freedom. In his further works the poet pays more attention to inner freedom of an individual, applying to symbolical understanding of freedom through understanding of nature. It is this inner freedom that Pushkin values above all other kinds of freedom, implicitly or explicitly referring to inner freedom in almost all his poetic and prose works. This inner freedom in Pushkin’s poetry concerns various issues, such as freedom of choice, freedom from any biases, freedom of religious beliefs and, above all, freedom of creative work. In Pushkin’s prose works inner freedom is inseparable from moral values of people. Overall, freedom-loving poetry and prose of Alexander Pushkin contrib ute to the formation of a characteristic writing style, which is adopted by further generations of Russian poets. Works Cited Calder, Angus. Russia Discovered: Nineteenth-Century Fiction from Pushkin to Chekhov. London: Heinemann, 1976. Debreczeny, Paul.   Introduction, in Alexander Pushkin:Complete Prose Fiction.   Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983, pp.5-11. Edmunds, Robin. Pushkin: The Man and His Age. New York: St. Martins Press, 1994. Falen, James. Alexander Pushkin. Eugene Onegin. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Lavrin, Janko. Pushkin and Russian Literature. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1948. ПÃ'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¸Ã ½, Ð Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã'€ Ð ¡Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã µÃ µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã'‡. ЕÐ ²Ã ³Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ ОÐ ½Ã µÃ ³Ã ¸Ã ½. Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ Ð .Ð ¡. ПÃ'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¸Ã ½Ã ° Ð ² Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'…, Ð ¢.4. ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ ²Ã °: ГÐ ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ² Ð ¾ Ð ¥Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ ЛÐ ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ã'‹, 1960. ПÃ'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¸Ã ½, Ð Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã'€ Ð ¡Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã µÃ µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã'‡. ЕÐ ³Ã ¸Ã ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ð Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ¸. Ð  Ã ¾Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã' : ИÐ ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð  Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¼Ã' Ã ½-ПÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã' , 2002. ПÃ'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¸Ã ½, Ð Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã'€ Ð ¡Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã µÃ µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã'‡. Ð ¡Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' . ПÐ µÃ'€Ð ¼Ã'Å': ПÐ µÃ'€Ð ¼Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã µ Ð ºÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾, 1987.   ПÃ'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¸Ã ½, Ð Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã'€ Ð ¡Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã µÃ µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã'‡. ПÐ ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'  ДÐ °Ã ¼Ã °. ПÐ ¾Ã »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ Ð .Ð ¡. ПÃ'Æ'Ã' ˆÐ ºÃ ¸Ã ½Ã ° Ð ² Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'…, Ã'‚.6. ЛÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ´: Ð Ã °Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ °, 1978.     

The Ramifications of Prejudice and Discrimination Essay example -- une

Introduction Classifying oneself to be the object of prejudice or discrimination has demonstrable, negative impact upon the individual (Dion, 2002). Prejudice is a mixture of preconceived beliefs and negative attitudes towards a certain group of people. Whereas discrimination involves physical action and unequal treatment towards a particular group. Research indicates prejudice and discrimination are more or less interchangeably, with altered referents and slightly different meanings (Zastrow, 2007). Minorities have been the victims of prejudice and discrimination for many years (Dion, 2002). Certain minorities such as African American’s have been targeted and treated unfairly (Zastrow, 2007). For example, a Caucasian person can go into a store to shop without being followed or harassed however, an African American may not have the same experience. Throughout America in some instances Hernstein and Murray asserts that Caucasians are more intelligent, because IQ test demonstrate Caucasians average scores of 10 to 15 points higher than African Americans. Research revealed that those IQ test were racially imbalanced (Zastrow, 2007). American culture has been ambivalent, viewing race and ethnicity both as sources of pride, meaning, and motivation as well as sources of prejudice, discrimination, and inequality. Prejudice is a combination of stereotyped beliefs and negative attitudes (Markus, 2008). Perceived prejudice and discrimination, under some circumstances, may help buffer or protect aspects of the self-concept for members of certain minority or subordinate groups, in some instances (Dion, 2002). These terms stem from ethnocentrism, which according to Zastrow, (2007) is defined as a set of beliefs that holds one’s own cul... ...tive taking ability: Developmental, theoretical, and empirical trends. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), Handbook of Race, Racism, and the Developing Child. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Reeves, K. (2000). Racism And Projection Of The Shadow. Psychotherapy. 37, 1. Rosik, C.H., Smith, L.L, (2009). Perceptions of Religiously Based Discrimination Among Christian Students in Secular and Christian University Settings. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. American Psychological Association. 4, 207–217 1941-1022/09 doi: 10.1037/a0017076. Schriver, J.M. (2011). Human Behavior and Social Environment: Shifting Paradigms essential knowledge for social work practice (5th Edition). Needham Heights, MA: Peason A & Bacon. Zastrow, C. H., & Krist-Ashman, K.K. (2007). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (7th Edition.) Belmont, CA: Thompson-Brooks/Cole.

Interactive Media and Its Effects on Copywriting Essay -- Communicatio

Interactive Media and Its Effects on Copywriting Interactive media and the World Wide Web have become an entirely new medium for advertising copywriters. As new innovations in computer technology arise, copywriters find the best ways to utilize interactive media for marketing their products, and sometimes, themselves. They have discovered several key marketing methods including hypertext, JAVA, and accuracy of information. According to Duif Calvin, author of "The Nintendo Generation," hypertext is the most important marketing tool for advertising on the web. Hypertext is any type of link to another web site containing relevant information about a given topic. It has become very useful to marketers within the past few years. (www.jaderiver.com/glossary.htm). Hypertext allows markets to meet their audience's needs in very specific ways. For example, Ford Motor Company may have a site on the web devoted to the 1999 Ford Mustang. With the use of hyperlinks, Ford can provide detailed information about the car's warranty on a separate site. People who are interested in knowing m...

Analyse Vernacular Architecture In Achieving Sustainable Built Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy restraint and planetary heating are going the cardinal challenges encountered by the universe today. Major sum of energy is being used by the edifice sector for accomplishing comfy thermic conditions. Fifty per cent of energy ingestion is due to edifices. ( Melet, n.d. , p.06 ) . Demand for Energy is increasing quickly. The U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) in its ( IEO, 2011 ) International Energy Outlook 2011: provinces that universe energy ingestion grows by 53 % from 2008 to 2035. â€Å" The U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) is the statistical and analytical bureau within the U.S. Department of Energy. It surveies and broadcasts energy information to do proper determinations sing energy efficiency, public apprehension of energy use and proper policymaking † . ( EIA, September 19, 2011 ) . Sustainable and climate antiphonal architecture offers executable solutions to these challenges. Since the pre-industrial epoch Global heating is one of constituents which led to Environmental Degradation. Global warming which has risen by 0.7 °C since the last 300 old ages is likely to be increased by up to 8 °C by 2050 harmonizing to the ( IPCC, 2007 ) . IPCC i.e. intergovernmental panel on clime alteration is a prima administration for the appraisal of clime alteration. It besides states that about 90 % of the heating in the nice decennaries is caused by energy related human activities, chiefly because of CO2 emanations due to the combustion of fossil fuels. ( IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007 ) .Thus there is a demand for pressing action to plan edifices to protect us from the effects of clime alteration and planetary heating. â€Å" We have to cognize from where we are coming to cognize where we are traveling † – Charles Correa. There is a demand to transform the past cognition to move as a accelerator for the hereafter. Tradition and Modernity are two sides of the same coin and must be dealt with at the same time. Some of the Architects who have used this into practicality are given. Hassan Fathy did non utilize any hi-techniques of air-conditioning, alternatively harmonizing to him it is really of import to analyze and understand natural physical belongingss of heat, air current and H2O which are the natural environment controls. It is really of import to cognize how native stuffs can be improved and developed via new techniques, to run into the present twenty-four hours demands. Francisco Bobby Manosa feels that biass against older stuffs can be overcome and exciting new perchance can be created. Charles Correa via his design doctrine of transportation and transmutation re-integrates many older cardinal thoughts, into his modern designs, which recognises the jobs of today, yet show a deep regard for India ‘s civilization and tradition. ( Pearson, 1994, p.122-124 ) . The new Architecture has its roots deep in Vernacular tradition, which is rich in messages that are going more and more relevant to our time- messages that help us retrieve humbleness and a belonging to the Earth ( Pearson, 1994, p.08 ) . For 100 of old ages common builders have managed to construct utilizing little sum of available energy resources without impacting the environing environment, therefore utilizing it in a sustainable mode. These patterns should be used in the conventional architectural pattern of today, which are accountable for Environmental crisis. In the thick of great technological, environmental and political alteration over the past decennaries, the slang has become extremely relevant over the past decennaries either as a technological illustration, or as a politically strategic component. Given that architecture is necessarily connected to technological developments, environmental issues and political alteration, common architecture has therefore become a cardinal construct in Architectural theory and Practice. ( Arboleda, n.d. ) .Introduction:The appraisal of energy and comfort conditions is the most of import factor in finding the architectural procedure. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the most of import facet of sustainable design. Even clime and environmental conditions play a major function in a edifice design. The chief intent of planing a edifice is to make suited status for human comfort. Traditional builders used limited and of course available stuffs to accomplish comfort and clime was the major lendi ng factor in traditional edifice techniques. Due to the of all time turning planetary concern, usage of energy and restriction of resources it is the duty of an designer to plan edifices which are sustainable. For making sustainable edifice it is really indispensable to determine the rudimentss from where this scientific discipline originated. There hence arises a demand to look back in the yesteryear as how our ascendants built their ain places taking attention of map, faith, societal and religious values and above all accommodating to the clime for doing a comfy life. So it is really of import to analyze from the past traditional constructions built by our ascendants without the usage of modern engineering and to do usage of it in the present scenario for doing sustainable built environment. The survey of history of common edifices has demonstrated throughout that the edifices have outstanding sustainability, whilst notional architectural signifiers do non ; they are pleasant and are to continue the cultural messages they convey. ( Ryan, 2011, p.51 ) . Harmonizing to ( Arboleda, n.d. ) , over the last decennary Vernacular surveies have become established in the mainstream architectural discourse due to the following 3 grounds: Global Communication engineerings: Since the 1960 ‘s there has been a great consciousness among designers because of the easy and extended entree to the cognition of traditional communities Global Environmental Crisis: Contemporary involvement in this topic has arisen due to resource depletion, planetary heating and energy crisis. Global Politicss: Common Architecture is a valuable tool in the ethno political relations. It is a key in ethnically sensitive undertakings, therefore keeping the cultural individuality. Due to these ethno sensitive plans traditional elements are used in the devising of new constructions but by overhauling or re-engineering it, therefore doing it modern Vernacular or neo-Vernacular.The Meaning of Vernacular Architecture:â€Å" The term common originates from the Latin word vernaculus which means local, natural or original developed from Verna, intending â€Å" native slave † or â€Å" home-born slave † . The Numberss of factors which define a common edifice are based upon clip immemorial edifice techniques, usage of of course available stuffs, besides location of the edifices and its use. It is passed on by the word of oral cavity, and stuffs which are readily available. In add-on it is a system invented by the local craftsmen and occupier. Common Architecture can besides be called as a construction created by an amateur without any instruction in this type of planing method. Thus it is a traditional method of edifice which is passed on from coevals to coevals. The method of building is based upon traditional patterns and techniques. It is normally built with the aid of household, kin or builders in the folk and reveals a high degree for workmanship and quality. The map of the edifice is the most governing factor followed by aesthetic consideration and usage of local stuffs. Geographic environment is a really of import factor seen in a typical Vernacular edifice ; a sloping roof surface is made to bear the rainfall, a round house signifier to oppose cyclonal air currents, a thick level clay roof for ice chest interior infinite and to take out the heat of the Sun, an interior courtyard for unfastened infinite. In hot and dry climes, for illustration, edifices were shaded to avoid intolerable summer Sun by tall flora, stone overhangs, or, in level comeuppances, the courtyard edifice signifier. They were placed such that they could besides have the pleasant heat of the winter Sun. ( Pearson, 1994, p.95 ) . This shows that common methods are the most traditional method of edifice constructions which are antiphonal to climate.Factors taking to development of Common signifier:Common edifices are human concepts which are consequences of the interrelatedness between ecological, economical, material, political and societal factors. ( Asquith, L and Vellinga, M ( Ed. ) ,2006, p.110 ) Baker ‘s singular work is seen from the manner he uses environment, traditional methods, comfort, civilization and engineering in his plants. ( Bhatia, 1991, p.3 ) â€Å" There is an imbrication of traditional techniques of climatic conditions and common manners. Historically, practical devices were easy embellished and generalised through repeat to go a portion of an architectural vocabulary, a procedure Charles Correa describes one of the bring forthing ‘forces ‘ of architecture † . Charles Correa tries to integrate cultural values and traditional techniques in his procedure of planing sing the life styles of Indian people. ( Hagan, 2011, p.116 ) Tadao Ando ‘s plant shows composings, which consists of chiefly usage of simple signifiers and seeable usage of concrete stuff. In most of his works the usage of nature, infinite, character, clime, conditions, and cultural background can be clearly seen. He believed that when verdure, H2O and visible radiation is abstracted through nature the signifier becomes sacred. ( Nute, 2004, p.86,87,88 ) Common architecture is influenced a batch by human behavior and environment, taking to different edifice signifiers for every different context. Therefore from the above mentions it is clear that there are assorted factors which lead to the beginning of Common signifier: Climate Materials and engineering Site characteristics Religion Economicss Socio-cultural considerations The factors which straight regulate the signifier are: Climate Socio-cultural considerations Religion The factors which indirectly relate show that they restrict the development of signifier but do non basically modulate the signifier: Materials and engineering Site characteristics Economicss Materials and engineering: It does non needfully specify the signifier of a house. Even if same stuff and engineering is used in a peculiar society yet the signifiers would change depending upon the map and civilization every bit good. Site Consideration: Site characteristics may curtail the house signifier but it does non make up one's mind the signifier. On similar site different house signifiers can be seen whereas on different sites similar house can be seen. Economicss: The economic system may impact the size of the house or type of stuffs and techniques used but does non impact the signifier. A society with same economic conditions may hold different house signifiers due to socio-cultural values. Due to different positions and ideas people with similar economic system may take different house signifiers. Religion: Religion can non wholly find the signifier entirely but plays a direct influence in its rating. Religion can hold a strong influence on the signifier, program, spacial agreements and orientation of the house. Many houses are built harmonizing to spiritual influence of the society. Socio-Cultural Factors: Socio-cultural or traditional methods of utilizing a topographic point can hold direct consequence on make up one's minding the signifier of house. Both physical and socio-cultural facets affect the signifier. The physical scene may supply several possibilities but existent pick gets restricted due to cultural factors. Climate: It is the most of import factor in finding the signifier. Due to different clime in different states the signifier is found to be similar. The hapless thermic public presentation of the edifice in malice of utilizing technologically advanced environment systems suggests that one needs to see the physical environment while bring forthing a edifice signifier. Degree centigrades: UsersadminDesktopPresentation1.jpg Purpose: To analyze Common architecture in accomplishing Sustainable Built Environment for Contemporary constructions.Aim:To analyze the beginning of traditional houses and analyze its sustainability. To analyze traditional edifice stuff, their sustainability and the contrast with modern architecture. To analyze thermic public presentation of Vernacular edifice stuffs. To analyze the function of Building ordinance in the sustainability of traditional edifice building.Research Question:How can traditional methods of architecture be incorporated in modern edifices? How can the resurgence of the slang in the present modern-day architecture aid it to go more sustainable inheriting cultural roots?Methodology:Although Common Architecture is emerging as a really underdeveloped country of survey, still much demands to be done theoretically, metholdologically and through recording and certification, before using it to 21st century. ( Asquith, L and Vellinga, M ( Ed. ) ,2006, p.03 ) Following are the methodological analysiss used for the research. Literature Reappraisal: To read and analyze in deepness about Common Architecture utilizing some of beginnings which includes digital media, web beginnings, books, published diaries in related subjects, scholarly articles and published documents. Qualitative Survey Using Live Case Studies: Conducting the Case survey utilizing â€Å" Roll uping the Evidence † method is used here. ( Yin, 2003, p.83 ) Beginnings of Evidences which will be used here are as follows. Historical Documentation- This type of certification can be done by utilizing informations collected through local libraries or other mention Centres. The paperss could be proposals, advancement studies, internal records, newspaper cuttings and other articles looking in mass media or in newssheets. Interviews- It is the most of import portion of the instance survey. ‘Structured Questions ‘ will be used as a type of interview along the lines of a formal study. Such study can be designed as a portion of instance survey and produce qualitative informations as a portion of the instance survey. ( Yin, 2003, p.91 ) . Here interviews with edifice industry professionals will take topographic point ( if the undertaking is complete ) or interview of workers or directors ( if the site is an ongoing undertaking ) . Post tenancy questionnaire will be prepared for the present residents of the site to cognize their perceptual experience of the site. Post tenancy ratings provide an indicant of major successes and failures in a edifice ‘s public presentation. They can be used to better and explicate the public presentation of a edifice and are utile non merely to the residents and proprietors but besides to the interior decorators, who can larn about both their errors and succ esses and can use these findings to future undertakings. Direct Observation- It includes field visits to cognize some relevant behavior or environmental conditions. Experimental grounds is frequently utile in supplying information about the site. Physical Artefact- Here it could consist of stuff being used on the site or any other physical grounds to happen out the sustainability of the construction. Analyzing Case study Evidence- While analyzing the interviews and the questionnaire some common subjects will be listed and a checklist will be prepared and the selected instance surveies will be evaluated against the subjects in a checklist. Reporting Case Studies: A standard attack called ‘Linear analytical Structure ‘ will be used here. It consists of findings from the informations collected and decisions and deductions from these findings.Work Plan:WeeksActivity1-2 Literature reappraisal: Understanding the background of the subject reading assorted books, diary articles etc. 3-6 Historical Documentation: Collecting informations from assorted beginnings on common Architecture. 7-9 Case survey: It includes both interviews and field work which could be done at the same time. 9-12 Compilation of informations: Review all the collected informations, edit and compile it and re-phrasing it in the signifier of a elaborate thesis study.Possible Result:The chief purpose of the research is to attest and turn out that Common architecture is a solution for todays Sustainable Design rules. The common architectural surveies will supply utile penetrations for planing modern-day constructions by taking groundss form the Vernacular constructions of the past.It besides aims to look into schemes which could be cost effectual in building and specification.The concluding result will be in a signifier of decision study from the instance surveies which will assist in planing modern-day construction utilizing climate antiphonal design constructs.Mentions:Arboleda, Gabriel. ( n.d. ) . Traditional, slang and cultural architectures from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vernaculararchitecture.com/ Asquith, L. , Vellinga, M. ( Ed. ) . ( 2006 ) . Verncaular Architecture in the 21st century: theory, instruction and pattern. Abingdon, Oxon. , USA and Canada: Taylor and Francis. Bhatia, Gautam. ( 1991 ) . Laurie Baker: life, work, writtings. New Delhi, India. , London, UK. , USA, Victoria, Australia. , Ontario, Canada. , Aukland, Newzealand: Penguin books. Eia Independent statics and Analysis: U.S. energy information disposal. ( september 19, 2011 ) from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eia.gov/forecast/ieo/index.com/ Mellet, Ed. ( n.d. ) . Sustainable Architecture: Towards a diverse built environment: NAI Publishers. Nute, K. ( 2004 ) . Topographic point, clip and being in Nipponese architecture. New Felter lane, London. , USA and Canada: Routhedge. Pearson, David. ( 1994 ) . Earth to spirit: in hunt of natural architecture. London, U.K. : Gaia Books limited. Parry, M.L. , Canziani, O.F. , Palutikof, J.P. , Vander, Linden. , Hanson, C.E. ( Ed. ) . Climate Change 2007: Impacts, version and exposure. Cambridge university imperativeness from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulnerability.htm Ryan, Carol. ( 2011 ) . Traditional building for Sustainable Future. Abingdon, Oxon. , USA and Canada: Spon Press. Susannah, Hagan. ( 2001 ) . Taking form: A new contract between Architecture and Nature.Jordan, Oxford: Architectural Press. Yin, R.K. ( 2003 ) . Case study Research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, California. , London, UK. , New Delhi, London: Sage Publication Inc.

Behaviorist psychology Essay

The cornerstone of behaviorist psychology was the view that behavior should be studied as a product of objectively observable events instead of appealing to internal processes of the mind. John B. Watson famous â€Å"Little Alert Experiment† was best known as a case study showing and proving evidence of classical conditioning and also an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University and its’ first findings were published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. Little Albert at the age of eight months was given many emotional tests which included, being exposed briefly for the first time, to a white rabbit, a rat, a dog, a monkey, masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers, etc (Schultz, D.2011). Little Albert showed no signs of fear toward any of these items. A white laboratory rat was placed near Albert in which he was allowed to play with. He began to reach out to the rat as it roamed around him without fear. In later trials, Watson and Rayner made a loud sound behind Albert’s back by striking a suspended steel bar with a hammer when the baby touched the rat Little Albert responded to the noise by crying and showing fear. After several such pairings of the two stimuli, Albert was again presented with only the rat. Now, however, he became very distressed as the rat appeared in the room. He cried, turned and tried to move away from the rat. Apparently, Little Albert associated the white rat which was the original neutral stimulus, now conditioned stimulus with the loud noise which was the unconditioned stimulus and was producing the fearful or emotional response of crying which is the originally the unconditioned response to the noise, now the conditioned response to the rat (Wiki 2014). A patient may be desensitized through the repeated introduction of a series of stimuli that approximate the phobia (Brink 2008). Desensitization which is used to cure phobias was first developed by Mary Cover Jones in 1924 with her famous study of Little Peter. Cover Jones began her experiment with the goal of finding the most effective way to eliminate irrational fears in children. Peter was chosen for the study because in all other aspects of infant life he was considered to be normal except for his fear of rabbits. Peter was not only afraid of rabbits, but Cover Jones showed he would also cry when presented with other similar items such as, feathers, a fur coat, a fur rug and cotton. Cover Jones first conducted her experiments using a range of different treatments in order to eliminate the fear response in Peter. Cover Jones described her methods used in the Peter study as â€Å"patient, meticulous and painstaking procedures,† in order to understand what was taking place. Cover Jones initiated the study having the rabbit 12 feet from Peter and brought the rabbit closer until it was nibbling on Peter’s fingers. As the rabbit was gradually brought closer to Peter with the presence of his favorite food, his fear subsided and he eventually was able to touch the rabbit without crying (Jones, M. C. 1924). These famous experiments in the history of psychology have laid the foundation of modern day APA ethical principles because in my opinion early psychology focused on measuring and understanding the mind. It focused on getting a better understanding of how our mind works and what triggers our thoughts to cause our actions or reactions. Without these experiments, APA ethical principles wouldn’t exist. Our modern day APA ethical principles have been shaped by experiments conducted in the history of psychology due to accuracy, determination and in my opinion devotion. To provide beneficence and no maleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people’s rights and dignity for those that psychologist work with and serve. These historical experiments demonstrated these principles without hesitation, always putting the subjects’ wellbeing first and foremost. I believe that the historical experiment, such as Little Albert that was conducted by John Watson did indeed violate with modern day APA ethical. I believe this because Watson may have had the child’s wellbeing at heart, but in my opinion he could have cause health related issues such as hearing problems and etc. due to the loud noise associated with the rat, that caused the child to become frightened of it. As for Mary Cover Jones, I do believe that that she indeed complied with the modern day APA ethical because she always had the child’s best interest. Instead of frightening the child she took the sense of fear from the child. In conclusion, these historical psychologist and experiments have paved the way for psychology in its entirety. These psychologist have demonstrated drive and passion of the field of psychology that has made it what it is today. I can only hope that one day I too, may contribute my logical and illogical thinking, to this big bold world of psychology. References Jones, M. C. (1924). A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary, 31, 308-315 Retrieved from: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Jones/ Schultz, D. (2011). A History of Modern Psychology [VitalSouce bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://online.vitalsource.com/books/1133173624/id/P13-123 T.L. Brink (2008) Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach. â€Å"Unit 6: Learning.† pp. 101 [1] Wikipedia (2014) The Little Albert Experiment Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment

9/11 Conspiracies Essay

On September 11th, 2001, Islamic terrorists hijacked four passenger airlines. Two of the planes flew into the twin towers; one plane flew into the Pentagon; and the other plane was aimed at Washington D.C., but was taken over by passengers on the plane and crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. In total, nearly 3,000 people died including 227 civilians on the plane and 19 hijackers. These hijackers were believed to be under the command of Osama Bin Laden, the head of the terrorist group Al Qaeda. However, the question of whether these attacks are truly as the government has portrayed or whether they actually part of a larger scheme to justify war in Iraq has come into light in recent years. Many individuals criticize the story told by the federal government and create alternate theories that explain some confusion with the attacks. The most popular and convincing of these theories is the controlled demolition and collapse of the twin towers by the federal government. The radical side of the political left was the first to start the conspiracy theories concerning 9/11. People have always had a deep distrust of our government. The most convincing of the theories about 9/11 is the strategic placement of bombs in the three buildings to cause a collapse (NewsOne, 2012). When you watch the videos of the collapsing towers, it looks like a controlled demolition instead of what one would expect from a building just hit by a plane or collapsing from a fire (Brain, 2013). The buildings collapse in on themselves rather than burning from the bottom up which creates a gargantuan amount of skepticism as to the accuracy of the story told by the government. So when people see something that doesn’t make sense, such as how three buildings collapsed from a fire, it begs lots of questions (Brain, 2013). This allowed many cu rious conspirators with an abundance of time on their hands to snoop around and see what they could possibly find that would better explain the actual cause of the collapse of the three buildings, disproving the official story expressed by the government. It is also important to understand how conspiracy theorists  build their case to perpetuate certain conspiracies. Upon examining the collapse of the north tower, the south tower, and WTC 7, it is easily determined that the collapse of these three buildings is not only unusual, it is almost unbelievable. No skyscraper has ever collapsed by a fire alone; however, on the day of the attacks, a blaze took down three separate towers. It is highly improbable that such a fire would take down two skyscrapers that stood 110 stories high and an additional building that was never touched by a plane. These discrepancies grant conspirators a form of â€Å"credibility† that makes their theories believable to many people. Although the official story may seem a bit anomalous, that doesn’t necessarily give a reason why people believe it. Scandals like the Iran-Contra affair with President Reagan and the Watergate Scandal with President Nixon create a deep distrust with many people and their government when such scandals prove that the government and its leaders deliberately mislead or lie to the public. So much so that people often look to find things that the government could be lying about or covering up. When conspirators start to gather evidence for their theories, this same process occurs (Brain, 2013). After discovering scandals involving the federal government, it’s impossible to trust all of the official stories told by the government. Furthermore, even if the collapse of the north and south towers is believable, the collapse of the third building is extremely difficult to believe as it was never touched by a plane. It seems impossible that a building that was never touched by anything except fire would completely collapse if no tower has ever been completely destroyed by a fire before (911Truth, n.d.) . According to Van Romero, an explosives expert and Vice President of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, there had to have been explosives in the building for it to have collapsed in such a demolition-like manner. Additionally, the controlled explosions that were theorized to have taken place in the towers have been accredited with puffs of dust and debris seen being shot out from the building (Popular Mechanics, 2013). There is no way to explain the puffs of dust shooting out of the buildings from a mere fire that caused a collapse of the building without there being an external force of explosions. Because of the suspicious circumstances of the 9/11 event, there must be some amount of skepticism. The government and its leaders are historically proven to not be above lying to the public from instances like  Watergate and Iran-Contra affair. 9/11 could just as easily be the same way. Without clear answers to these questions the reality of an inside job is immense and cannot be overlooked. Although there are many who refuse to believe the official story told by the federal government, there are also large quantities of people who do believe the official story. Many people consider the World Trade Center collapse as a highly unlikely scenario unless additional force was added to bring the building down. However, others find it extremely difficult to believe that the government would commit such an atrocity and would instead argue that the structure of the building and widespread damage from debris were the main contributors to the collapse of the buildings (Popular Mechanics, 2013). Without solid proof, it is preposterous to believe a theory that does not have any facts or basis for the assertions that it makes. For example, many often believe that even if the terrorist attacks on 9/11 were true, there are still some unanswered questions. Conspiracy theorists are quick to draw a link between the 9/11 attacks and the war in Iraq claiming it was a justification for invasion as support of it being a government conspiracy. However, this is clearly false in that the justification in the intervention in Iraq was the risk that Sadam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction meaning that 9/11 was not needed as justification for the war in Iraq. Another reason the notion of inside job is ludicrous is because it would be impossible for all of the media to gloss over such an event had it been a governmental conspiracy. There are also no hard facts for conspirators to base their theories on meaning there is no reason to believe them. To understand the collapse of the towers it is important to understand the structure of the buildings. The twin towers were created using â€Å"innovative† design. It was built with central core columns like most other buildings. However, instead of reinforcing the columns with fireproof concrete, they decided to fortify the columns using a sprayed on form of fire proofing called â€Å"Passive† fire proofing, which was much faster but also less effective (debunking911). This is what allowed the jet fuel from the plane to be so deadly. Many people argue that jet fuel is not near hot enough to melt steel, which is actually true. However, jet fuel burns between 800 and 1500 degrees Fahrenheit while the melting point of steel is around 2750 degrees Fahrenheit. Most experts agree though that the steel doesn’t need to melt for the entire building to  collapse. According to Farid Alfawak-hiri, the senior engineer of the American Institute of Steel Construction says th at at 1100 degrees Fahrenheit, Steel loses 50 percent of its strength. At 1800 degrees Fahrenheit, Steel is less than 10 percent. This immense heat can then cause Steel to become bent and warped which can in turn collapse the entire building (Popular Mechanics 2013). The first plane crashed into the 94th through the 98th floors of the first tower; the second plane crashed into the 78th through 84th floors of the south building. Additionally, there was damage in both of the lobbies of the buildings before the collapse of the two towers. Conspirators make a common claim that the planes could not have caused that much damage to go through over 80 floors to reach the lobby without some sort of explosive material. However, The National institutes of Standards and Technology released a report revealing that the debris of the plane had sliced through the elevator shaft which created an outlet for jet fuel. If the fuel came into contact with any combustible sources, it would immediately explode causing severe damage. Jet fuel traveling down the elevator shaft would cause extensive damage to the lobby as well. A similar observation as to the cause of the damage in the lobby was noted in the South’s building also (Popular Mechanics 2013). This fact illustrates the improbability of explosives being needed to cause a collapse of the skyscrapers. Despite the plethora of convincing theories about the attack of September 11th, many people will still continue to remain unconvinced due to the lack of evidence, even if the government was truly involved with the collapse of the twin towers. Furthermore, people who don’t believe the conspiracies about the twin towers would contend that the actual structure of the building and the intense launching of debris from the crash were the causes to the collapse of the towers, not bombs planted by the government. The lack of factual evidence on the side of the conscripts coupled with the overwhelming evidence that the government was not involved makes i t nearly impossible to believe that 9/11 was an inside job. References Brain, M. (n.d.). How Conspiracy Theories Work. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://people.howstuffworks.com/conspiracy-theory2.htm Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories and Controlled Demolition Myths – Government Planning. (n.d.). Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories and Controlled Demolition Myths – Government Planning. Retrieved February 3, 2014, from http://www.debunking911.com/meeting.htm Popular Mechanics. (n.d.). Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report – The World Trade Center. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/news/debunking-911-myths-world-trade-center â€Å"Reality Check: More American’s are â€Å"Rethinking† 9/11† 9/11?. (n.d.). 911Truthorg. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://www.911truth.org/tag/controlled-demolition/ The 11 Most Compelling 9/11 Conspiracy Theories. (2012, September 11). News One RSS. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://newsone.com/742485/the-11-most-compelling-911-conspiracy-theories/